Gay ripetutamente violentato dai compagni di cella fa una dichiarazione SHOCK :

"Sono sieropositivo." E gli altri lo pestano.

(dal Corriere della Sera)

__________________________________________________________________________________

No, dico, il mondo va a rotoli!

Non ci si può più fidare delle Istituzioni!

Un tempo le checche che facevano il loro ingresso in carcere, erano provviste di tanto di certificato medico.

Ora entra chiunque!

Maledette leggi garantiste! Ecco a cosa porta l'eccessiva tutela della privacy!

'io bònino...speriamo torni Baffone!

If we could reduce the world’s population to a village of precisely 100 people, with all existing human ratios remaining the same,, with all existing human ratios remaining the same, the demographics would look something like this:

The village would have 60 Asians, 14 Africans, 12 Europeans, 8 Latin Americans, 5 from the USA and Canada, and 1 from the South Pacific

51 would be male, 49 would be female

82 would be non-white; 18 white

67 would be non-Christian; 33 would be Christian

80 would live in substandard housing

67 would be unable to read

50 would be malnourished and 1 dying of starvation

33 would be without access to a safe water supply

39 would lack access to improved sanitation

24 would not have any electricity (And of the 76 that do
have electricity, most would only use it for light at night.)

7 people would have access to the Internet

1 would have a college education

1 would have HIV

2 would be near birth; 1 near death

5 would control 32% of the entire world’s wealth; all 5 would be US citizens

33 would be receiving --and attempting to live on-- only 3% of the income of “the village”

Ur Views are Welcome .

I've also had a pretty hectic few weeks on this new job - coordinating a show that's trying to chase the Gustav hurricane... it's pretty ridiculous as I've had to put together the whole shoot for 15 crew members in less than 36 hours.

But, they're there - a few hiccups and other things and all things considering, I feel maybe (and hopefully) all goes smooth but for my stress level - and more importantly - their safety.

So, next week.  Numbers... eek.

Devin

Jeg tenkte gjennom hvordan jeg kom til å miste alle vennene mine, at folk kom til å sky meg som pesten. At jeg måtte varsle tidligere sexpartnere om dette på en måte som gjorde at de ikke visste det var meg. Ryktene kom til å gå,tenkte jeg. Jeg var iallefall ferdig i byen her, jeg kom til å måtte gå i skjul i en annen by å føde den stakkars babyen i ensomhet.

jeg måtte ha svar. jeg måtte bare få klarhet i hodet så jeg gikk og testet meg. Jeg skalv på vei inn til legekontoret for å få svar på testene. De var negative. jeg var så glad at jeg hoppet ut derifra. Jeg hadde fått en ny sjanse i livet, tenkte jeg. Jeg hadde ikke så mye som en liten klamydia engang, og lettelsen var enorm. Hvis jeg var gravid så hadde det heller ikke noe å si for jeg hadde jo helsa i behold tenkte jeg. Jeg tok en test og var jo heller ikke gravid. Hvor mange sjanser i livet kan man få?!!!jeg svevde. aldri, aldri mer usikker sex.

Det har jeg overholdt også. D.v.s jeg har vel kanskje hatt en glipp etter den her seansen, men jeg fikk helt klart en oppvåkning. Og jeg tror at veldig mange er uforsiktige som jeg har vært. Jeg vet hvor enkelt det er å være det. Du ligger der og plutselig skjer ting, det kommer kanskje litt overaskende på deg,og før du vet ordet så er du igang med noe som kan koste deg dyrt.Men man tenker ikke på det, for du kjenner jo den personen du har sex med, eller dere er bekjente,og du vet at den personen har kastet trusa før på noen du vet av,men iallefall ikke noen fra afrika liksom...

hvis du er jente så tenker du sikkert litt sånn: "kan bli gravid ja...neeei..tror ikke det.." og så blir du helt sikkert distrahert av den fyren du har sugende på halsen og så tenker du ikke mer på det. Hvis du er gutt så tror jeg kanskje ikke du tenker på det. Eller så tenker du sikkert:" p-piller ja..åå..håper hun suger meg!"

Og det var den prevensjonen.. folk er helt elendige på å bruke kondom og det er så mye klamydia at det har oppstått et nytt klamydiavirus, som er svært vanskelig å behandle. Bakteriene har blitt resistente fordi de har så godt grunnlag! Jeg leste også at 200-300 mennesker årlig smittes av HIV i Norge, og jeg tror ikke alle dem er narkomane homser fra afrika altså. Det er et pes å bruke kondom, men gjør det! er alt jeg har å si.. Det har blitt skikkelig greit å knulle rundt uten forpliktelser og det har ført til at folk bare gjør det uten å tenke. sex er seriøst så skumle greier det, at det er virkelig ikke en leken aktivitet på hobbybasis. Det innså jeg plutselig...

DAVID WATTERS IS CURRENTLY ORGANISING A SERIES OF BENEFITS TO RAISE AIDS AWARENESS AMONGST THE STUDENT POPULATION AND THE WIDER COMMUNITY.

HE IS ALSO USING THE EVENT TO SUPPORT THE CHARITY - THE TERRENCE HIGGINS TRUST.

http://www. tht. org. uk/

He's asking for support and items that can be auctioned to raise funds.

If you have some star power help out please!

HE IS ALSO LOOKING FOR SUPPORT FROM BUSINESSES WILLING TO DONATE THINGS SUCH AS THEATRE VOUCHERS, RESTAURANT VOUCHERS ETC....

WHATEVER YOU CAN THINK OF REALLY.

You can contact him directly thru his myspace page at:
http://www. myspace. com/hideousgomphidius

Many celebrities have already signed up to send some signed items, such as Kylie Minogue, Little Britain, Stephen Fry, Darren Hayes, Mari Wilson, Ruthie Henshall, Marcus Patrick and contributions from Adult Entertainers including Carlo Masi & Adam Champ, Steve Cruz, Francesco D'Macho, Tristan Mathews, Blake Riley, Dominik Rider, Cody Fallon, Christian Owen, Alex Baresi, Aaron Savvy, Damien Crosse, Dean Flynn, CJ Madison, Victor Banda, Skye Woods and Ben Patrick Johnson.

Items received for auction include signed pictures, CDs, posters, DVDs and even a signed Jockstrap from Alex Baresi and Steve Cruz!!!

Please help me make a difference

IF YOU CAN'T PERSONALLY SEND CONTRIBUTIONS THEN PLEASE REPOST THIS IN YOUR BLOG AND/OR BULLETINS SO WE CAN KEEP SPREADING THE WORD.

Run out to your local market and look for whatever box has a Chinese lady sipping a little tea cup while sitting in a pile of leaves outside her sixth century house - Or whatever it will have. Make sure it's Organic Green Tea and has some ECGG (epigallocatechingallate) content. And, just keep in mind, it'll be daunting. Studies claim that you need to consume at least 4-5 cups - some claim 10 - for it to be beneficial. Prepare to drink up. Currently, I am on my second cup for the day (I know - I'm slacking) and I want to slaughter myself. It's making me hot, sweaty and disgusting. Additionally, the taste is not so pleasing - I was forced to throw some Splenda (I know - Not the best of choice) in. Consider yourself forewarned!

Now, I am sure you are wondering, "Why are you putting yourself through that?!" - Quick answer: It's healthy. Being a total health nut calls for time and dedication, and like I had mentioned in my first blog, I will go to create lengths to achieve this image. And, I am sure after a few days - a week, tops - I will be accustomed to the taste. Cheers to the good life, and to that Asian Leaf.

Bu gebeliklerin seyri, doğumla sonuçlanması esnasında ve doğum sonrasında normaldışı bir durum ortaya çıkma olasılığı düşüktür. Bu gebeliklerin baştan sona kadar takibinde genel olarak aynı temel incelemeler ve tetkikler uygulanır. Bu incelemelere gebelikte rutin uygulanan incelemeler adı verilir.

Gebelik öncesinden varolan rveya gebelikte ortaya çıkan risk faktörlerinde ise ileri inceleme amacıyla rutin tetkiklere ek olarak daha farklı bazı incelemeler yapılır. Bunlara da ileri incelemeler adı verilir.

TEMEL (RUTİN) İNCELEMELER

Jinekolojik (pelvik) muayene

Genel olarak ilk antenatal muayene esnasında pelvik muayene yapılır ve gebeliği olumsuz yönde etkileyebilecek muhtemel genital kitle, enfeksiyon, doğumsal genital anomaliler, kanser ve kanser öncesi lezyonlar ortaya çıkarılır. Muayeneye ultrason ve papsmear incelemesi de eklenerek değerlendirme tamamlanmış olur.

Son zamanlarda jinekolojik muayene giderek daha da ihmal edilir hale gelmiştir. Bunun bir nedeni anne adaylarında varolan "jinekolojik muayeneye bağlı düşük oluşma korkusu", diğer nedeni de ultrasonun giderek daha fazla oranda kullanılmasının doktorlara verdiği "güvendir". Öncelikle düzeltilmesi gereken yanlışlık, jinekolojik muayenenin düşük riskine yolaçan bir durum olduğu fikridir. Tıbben, jinekolojik muayenenin düşüğe yolaçtığı görüşünü destekleyen bir bilgi yoktur.

Her ne kadar ilk antenatal muayenenin yerini çoğu durumda ultrason almış olsa da enfeksiyon, serviks (rahimağzı) değişiklikleri gibi patolojiler ultrasonda anlaşılamaz. Bu nedenle ultrason asla muayenenin bir alternatifi olarak görülmemelidir. Özellikle jinekolojik bir patolojiye işaret eden şikayetleri olan anne adaylarının doktorları tarafından önerilen jinekolojik muayeneyi kabul etmeleri önemlidir.

Vajinal muayene gebeliğin ilerleyen dönemlerinde erken doğum tehdidi şüphesinde, doğum ağrıları başladığında anne adayının doğum eyleminin hangi aşamasında olduğunu ortaya çıkarmak için, bebeğin pelvise giren kısmı hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak için ya da doğumun suni sancı ile başlatılması gerektiğinde serviksin olgunlaşması hakkında bilgi edinmek için uygulanır.

Jinekolojik muayene nasıl yapılır?

Sistem muayeneleri

Bu muayeneler herzaman yapılmayabilir. Genel olarak ilk antenatal muayenede sindirim sistemi, kalp ve dolaşım sistemi, solunum sistemi, lokomotor sistem (kas ve eklemler) ve sinir sistemi ve ruhsal durum hakkında şikayet sorgulaması ve genel muayene kadın doğum uzmanı tarafından yapılır. Patolojik bir bulgu durumunda kadın doğum uzmanı ilgili uzmanı konsulte eder.

İlk muayenede gerekli durumlarda meme muayenesi de yapılarak muhtemel bir kitle, doğumsal meme anomalileri ve doğum sonrası emzirmeye engel teşkil edebilecek anormal durumlar ortaya çıkarılır ve gerekli önlemler alınır.

Tansiyon ölçümü

Anne adayının sağ kolundan uygun bir manşet boyu kullanılarak, sakin vaziyetteyken, oturur durumda elde edilen tansiyon değeri takip kartına işlenir. Tansiyon ölçümü her gebelik muayenesinde tekrarlanır. Preeklampsinin erken tanısında tansiyon değeri en önemli kriterdir.

preeklampsi nedir?

Kilo ölçümü

Anne adayının kilo ölçümünü sabah evde aç karnına kendi tartısıyla yapması ve muayenede doktoruna bildirmesi daha uygundur.

Özellikle kısa zamanda aşırı kilo alımı preeklampsi habercisi olabilir. Uzun döneme (haftalara) yayılan aşırı kilo alımı ise karbonhidrattan ve yağdan zengin yiyeceklerin gereksiz yere alınmasına bağlı olabileceği gibi diabet habercisi olabilir. Elbette çok hızlı büyüyen bir iri bebek de anne adayının hızlı kilo almasına neden olabilir.

Bazı doktorlar gebelik takibinde kilo alımının sıkı bir şekilde takip edilmesinin gerekli olmadığına inanırlar. Benim de benimsediğim bu görüşe göre anne adayı ve bebeğin sağlığında kilo alma kriteri son sıralarda yeralır. Ön planda olan bebeğin gelişimi ve anne adayının tansiyonu ve genel sağlık durumudur. Gebeliği takipeden doktor anne adayını belli aralıklarla gördüğünden bir muayeneden diğer muayeneye anlamlı ve sorun yaratabilecek kilo değişikliklerini kolaylıkla farkeder.

Kilo takibinin bu şekilde "doktor gözüyle yapılması", "gram gram" kilo takibi yapılan anne adaylarında ortaya çıkması muhtemel psikolojik sorunları ve gereksiz endişeleri önleyen bir uygulamadır.

gebelikte kilo alımı

Karnın büyümesinin değerlendirilmesi

Gebeliğin ikinci yarısının başında uterus tam göbek deliği hizasına gelir ve elle hissedilir. Daha sonra ise mesane boşken yapılan ölçümlerde pubis (çatı) kemiği ile uterusun en üst yüksekliği arasındaki mezura ile ölçülen santimetre birimindeki mesafe az hata payıyla gebelik haftasını verir. İkiz gebelik, aşırı şişmanlık, mesanenin aşırı dolu olması, ölçen kişinin tecrübesiz olması gibi faktörler testin yanıltıcı sonuç vermesine katkıda bulunur.

Bu değerlendirme günümüzde doktorların büyük kısmının her antenatal değerlendirmede ultrason yapması nedeniyle giderek terkedilmektedir.

Bebeğin karın içindeki haritasının çıkarılması

Leopold manevraları adı verilen özel muayene yöntemleri ile doktor bebeğin başının, sırtının, bacaklarının yerini belirler. Gebeliğin sonuna doğru bebeğin pelvis içine ne şekilde girdiği de bu yöntemlerle belirlenir.

Leopold manevraları

Not: Ultrason, karnın mezura ile ölçümü ve Leopold manevraları ile elde edilen bilgilerden çok daha hassas bilgiler verir.

Gebelik testleri

İdrarda veya kanda gebeliğe özgü bir hormon olan HCG'nin saptanması esasına dayanan testlerdir. Kanda henüz adet gecikmeden, idrarda ise testin hassasiyetine göre üç ile on gün arasındaki gecikmelerde gebeliği belirleyebilirler.

Gebelik testleri

Kan gruplarının belirlenmesi

Anne ve baba adaylarının kan grupları parmaktan alınan kanda belirlenebilir. Anne adayının kan grubunun Rh(-), baba adayının ise Rh(+) olması durumunda Rh uygunsuzluğundan bahsedilir.

Kan uyuşmazlığı

Tam kan sayımı

Damardan alınan kanda otomatik olarak sayım yapan aletler tarafından kanın çok çeşitli parametreleri belirlenir. Lökosit (akyuvar) sayısı , eritrosit (alyuvar) sayısı, eritrositlerin ortalama hemoglobin içeriği, büyüklükleri, trombosit sayısı, hemoglobin ve hematokrit değeri dışında daha çok sayıda parametre belirlenir. Kansızlık tanısı konarak bunun demir eksikliği, B12 ve/veya folik asit vitamini eksikliği veya kalıtsal bir hastalığa bağlı olup olmadığı konusunda genel bir fikir edinilir.

Lökosit sayısı gebeliğe bağlı fizyolojik artışın üstüne çıktığında (12.000 ve üzeri) enfeksiyona, aşırı düşmesinde ise akyuvar yapımını bozan bir hastalığa işaret edebilir. Trombosit sayısı ise gebelikteki fizyolojik düşüşün daha altında düşmüş olarak saptandığında kanamayı durdurmaktan sorumlu bu hücrelerin gereksiz yere harcanmasına neden olan bir hastalıktan şüphelenilir.

Tam idrar tahlili (TİT)

İdrar vücudun bir aynasıdır. İdrar sedimentinde idrar yolu enfeksiyonu, idrarda taş veya "kum" varlığı saptanarak uygun tedaviye başlanır. İdrarda protein (albumin), aseton (keton), bilirubin, kan hücresi varlığı, ürobilinojenin aşırı artışı her zaman anormaldir ve ileri inceleme gerektirir. İdrarda glikoz varlığı ise gebelikte belli bir dereceye kadar normal kabul edilir, ancak yine de ileri inceleme gerektirir.

Gebelikte TİT oldukça sık olarak yapılır. Bunun amacı idrarda enfeksiyon bulgularını ortaya çıkarmak, erken gebelik döneminde aşırı bulantı ve kusmaları olan anne adayının genel beslenme durumunu değerlendirmek (idrarda aseton (keton) çıkışı açlığa işaret eder ve açlık derecesiyle doğru orantılı olarak keton pozitifliği de artar), gebeliğin ilerleyen aşamalarında idrarda protein varlığını ortaya çıkarmak (idrarda protein varlığı preeklampsi bulgusu olabilir) ve anne adayının yeterli su içip içmediğini değerlendirmektir (yetersiz su içildiğinde idrarın rengi koyulaşır ve dansitesi (yoğunluğu) artar).

İdrar kültürü

Gebelik idrar yolu enfeksiyonlarının gelişmesini kolaylaştırır. İdrar sedimentinde lökosit, eritrosit ve/veya bakteri görülmesi enfeksiyona işaret eder ve anne adayının şikayetleri varsa antibiyotik tedavisi gerektirir. Ancak antibiyotiklerin her türlü bakteriye etki etmemesi nedeniyle idrar kültürüyle bakterinin cinsi belirlenerek enfeksiyon tedavisi yapmak daha uygundur. Uygun koşullarda alınan idrar örneğinde var olan bakteri özel besin maddeleri eklenerek üretilir ve bakterinin bazı antibiyotiklere hassasiyeti ölçülür. Kültürde üreme olmazsa "steril" yani tedavi gerektirecek bakteri içermeyen idrardan bahsedilir. Üreme "100.000 koloni altındaysa" bu durumda üreyen bakterinin anne adayının kendisindeki bir enfeksiyondan değil numunenin barındırıldığı kaptan, genital dokulardan veya başka kaynaklardan bulaştığından şüphelenilir ve gerekirse tekrarlanır. "100.000'in üzerinde üreme" durumunda ise mutlaka idrar yollarında tedavi gerektirecek sayıda bakteri var demektir. Bakterilerin hangi antibiyotiklere hassas olduğunu belirten antibiyogram raporuna göre uygun antibiyotik tedavisi verilir ve tedavi bitiminden 15 gün sonra tedavi başarısını değerlendirmek amacıyla idrar kültürü tekrarlanır.

Anne adayının hiç bir şikayeti olmasa bile idrar kültüründe üreme olduğunda ileride oluşabilecek ciddi enfeksiyonları önlemek amacıyla antibiyotik tedavisi yapılır. Bu amaçla anne adaylarında gebeliğin başında bir kez ve mümkünse sonuna doğru bir kez daha idrar kültürü yapılarak muhtemel bir üreme saptanır ve uygun bir şekilde tedavi edilir.

İdrar yolu enfeksiyonları

Enfeksiyon tarama testleri

Toksoplazma, Rubella (kızamıkçık) ve Sifiliz (frengi) tarama testleri tercihan gebelik planlandığı dönemde yapılır. Bu amaçla anne adayından alınan kanda Toksoplazma IgG ve IgM (antikorlar); Rubella IgG ve IgM ve sifiliz için genellikle VDRL adı verilen inceleme yapılır. Bu üç enfeksiyon erken gebelik döneminde geçirildiğinde bebekte anomali yaratabilen enfeksiyonların başında gelir ve gebelik öncesi dönemde belirlenmeleri bu yüzden daha uygundur.

Hepatit B ve HIV (AIDS) için tarama testleri ise gebeliğin sonlarına doğru yapılır. Hepatit B taraması için HBsAg ve AntiHBs incelemeleri yapılır. Anne adayında taşıyıcılık saptanması durumunda bebeğin annesinden enfeksiyonu kapmasının engellenmesi için aşıya ek olarak doğumdan kısa süre sonra immun serum tedavisi görmesi gerekir.

Gebelikte Hepatit B enfeksiyonu

Ultrason (vajinal, abdominal)

İlk antenatal muayenede ve tercihan gebeliğin ilk haftalarında yapılan ultrasonun önemi büyüktür. Bu ultrason Son Adet Tarihi'nin (SAT) doğruluğunu onaylamak; SAT'ını bilmeyen anne adaylarında gebelik haftasını belirlemek; dış gebelik; mol gebeliği gibi durumları erken dönemde saptamak; gebelik üzerinde olumsuz etki yaratması muhtemel miyom ya da over (yumrtalık) kisti gibi kitlesel lezyonları saptamak ve yine muhtemel bir çoğul gebeliği ortaya çıkarmak için son derece önemlidir. Bu amaçla erken gebelik haftalarında (14. haftaya kadar) vajinal ultrason tercih edilmekle beraber, abdominal (karından) ultrason da kullanılabilir.

Daha sonraki gebelik haftalarında bazı doktorlar her antenatal muayenede ultrason incelemesi yapmayı tercih ederler. Bu uygulama mutlaka gerekli olmamakla beraber ilk ultrasonu takiben anomali taraması için 19.-23. gebelik haftaları arasında bir kez ayrıntılı ultrason incelemesi yapılması önemlidir.

Rutin ultrason incelemeleri dışında bebeğin yaşayıp yaşamadığından şüphelenilen her durumda (düşük tehdidi, bebek hareketlerinin hissedilmemesi, karnın büyümesinin durması gibi); İUGG (gelişme geriliği) şüphesi olduğunda; miyad geçmesinin değerlendirilmesinde ve normalden farklı bir seyir ortaya çıkan her durumda (ateşli enfeksiyon, tansiyon yükselmesi, ağrı gibi) ultrason incelemesi tekrarlanır.

Gebelikte ultrasonografi

IDC (İndirekt Coombs Testi)

Kan uyuşmazlığı olan anne adaylarında istenen bir incelemedir. Belli aralıklarla kanda bebeğin alyuvarlarına karşı gelişmesi muhtemel antikorlar bu yöntemle belirlenir. Antikorlar müspet bulunduğunda ileri bir inceleme gerekebilir.

Rh uygunsuzluğu

Üçlü test (İkinci trimester Down sendromu tarama testi)

Gebeliğin 16.-18. haftaları arasında yapılan bir incelemedir. Anne adayından alınan kanda üç ayrı hormon tetkiki yapılarak Down sendromu ve Nöral tüp defekti riski belirlenir. Son zamanlarda yerini giderek 11-14 testine bırakmaktadır.

Üçlütest

PPG (Postprandial Glikoz) ve OGTT (Oral Glikoz Tolerans Testi)

Gebelik, diabet (şeker hastalığı) oluşma riskini artıran bir durumdur. Bu yüzden anne adayları 24.-28. gebelik haftaları arasında şeker yükleme testine tabi tutulurlar. Bu amaçla anne adayının risk faktörlerine göre 50 gram (PPG) ya da 100 gram glikoz ile (OGTT) yükleme yapılır.

gebelikte diabet

Kan biyokimyası

Gebelik başladığı andan itibaren kan biyokimyası önemli değişikliklere sahne olur. Buna bağlı olarak kan biyokimyası parametrelerinin normal değerleri değişir ve yorum yapmak zorlaşabilir hatta yanlış yorumlar yapılabilir.

Gebelik döneminde özellikle gebeliğin erken dönemlerinde başta karaciğer ve böbrek olmak üzere organların işlevlerini değerlendirmek için birçok kan testi istenir. Belli bir hastalığı olmayan bir anne adayından bu tetkikleri istemenin gerekli olup olmadığı henüz tartışma konusu olmakla birlikte, aşağıda bahsedilen birkaç parametrenin değerlendirilmesi uygun olur:

Benim görüşüme göre, "kan biyokimyası ölçümleri" tercihan gebelik öncesi dönemde yapılmalıdır. Gebelik döneminde yapılan ölçümler ise yorumlanırken çok dikkatli olunmalıdır. Yapılacak olan tetkikler kan sayımı (yukarıda anlatılmıştı), kreatinin (böbrek işlevlerini değerlendirmek için), SGOT ve SGPT (karaciğer işlevlerini değerlendirmek için), yemek yenilen zaman dikkate alınmadan herhangi bir zamanda bakılan kan şekeri ve TSH (tiroid bezi işlevlerini değerlendirmek için) şeklinde olması yeterli olacaktır.

Diğer (imkan olan durumlarda yapılan) incelemeler

Anne kanında alfafetoprotein (AFP)ölçümü

11-14 testinin giderek üçlütestin yerini alması normalde üçlütestin bir parçası olan alfafetoprotein ölçümünün de yapılmamasını beraberinde getirmektedir. Ancak AFP değerlendirmesi bebekte olması muhtemel bazı anomaliler hakkında ve gebeliğin seyri hakkında bazı ipuçları verebilmektedir. Bu nedenle üçlütest yapılmayan durumlarda 16-18. haftalar arasında en azından sadece AFP incelenmesi mantıklı bir yaklaşım gibi görünmektedir.

Alfafetoprotein hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler

Doppler ultrasonografi

20-24. haftalar arasında bir tarama testi olarak önerilen Doppler ultrasonografi ülkemizde de giderek artan sıklıkta uygulanan bir inceleme haline gelmektedir. Pahalı bir inceleme olması nedeniyle tüm anne adaylarına uygulanması şu an için imkansız gibi görünmekle birlikte, hiç bir risk faktörü olmayan anne adaylarına uygulamanın mutlaka gerekli olup olmadığı da tartışmalıdır.

Doppler ultrasonografi

11-14 testi (İkili test, Birinci trimester Down sendromu tarama testi)

Adından da anlaşılabileceği gibi gebeliğin 11.-14. haftaları arasında yapılan bir incelemedir. Ultrasonda bebeğin ense pilisi kalınlığı belirlenir ve anne adayından alınan kanda iki ayrı madde bakılarak Down sendromu riski belirlenir. Down sendromu riskini belirleme yanında başka önemli avantajları da vardır

"The populations that bear the greatest burden nationally--blacks, for example, and men who have sex with men--are highly represented in New York City.  Because HIV is more prevalent within those groups, the risk of HIV infection per sexual contact is higher."

Health Commissioner Thomas Freidan

The actual numbers are speculated to be higher--maybe even to a significant degree--due to the non-disclosure of sexual practices, younger sexually active persons, and the inconsistent use of prophylactics during sexual activities.  Many refuse to report to their doctors their actual sexual practices, and such individuals are far less likely to have been tested or get tested, which affect the prediction of how many are actually infected and affected.

I post this article for a few reasons, first, to simply test what I believe about the ability for a homosexual to change. I understand that there are homosexuals who are led into that lifestyle either by a lack of morality at home, or by the situations describe in the below article. I am not sure - yes, please disagree with me - that those that willingly and joyfully take up homosexuality - which is more and more prevalent in today's society - can ever be changed and thus forgiven. Paul speaks of these people as being reprobate (Romans 1). I believe that the blood of Christ has purchased a Church that welcoming to all those sinners who have come clean through baptism, but to what level do 'eager' homosexuals have the ability to come clean?

Please use this as a point of discussion.

EDITOR'S NOTE: This monthly column about the issue of homosexuality by various authors is a partnership between Baptist Press and the SBC Task Force on Ministry to Homosexuals.

FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (BP)--My heart pounded as the Sunday School teacher asked us to break into small groups and discuss how we might reach the homosexual community for Christ.

I often had wondered if everyone knew my secret. Now I would find out. In my group of four, Rachel spoke first: "I don't have any compassion for homosexuals."

My heart sank.

Mark chimed in, "I don't either, and I think AIDS is God's judgment against homosexuals."

These two seemed so smug, so arrogant. Anger burned inside me, and I vowed not to speak. But my friend, Robert, who knew I had been a homosexual, spoke next: "Christine, what do you think?"

I shot him a look that could have killed. Then I took a deep breath and told Rachel and Mark my secret. The looks on their faces told me that they were sorry and felt embarrassed.

What they didn't understand was that I, like many other homosexuals, didn't choose to have these feelings. I had grown up in a home where women were either objects of a man's lust or victims of his abuse.

My father was addicted to pornography, and he was verbally and physically abusive to my mother. Once I saw him hit her with a tennis racket. I vowed in my heart that I would never let any man hurt me like that. I resolved to be tougher and stronger than any man.

I hated being a girl because I didn't want to be a victim like my mom. I mistakenly believed that to be feminine was to be weak, so I gravitated toward showing masculine behaviors.

My older brother was my childhood hero. I wanted to be just like him. I hung out with him whenever he would let me, and I wore his hand-me-down clothes. I even copied his handwriting style.

A natural athlete, I excelled in every sport I attempted, from tennis to Little League Baseball to sandlot football. I was accepted as one of the guys and often mistaken for a boy. I refused to go by my full name -- Christine -- because it was obviously a girl's name, and went by Chris instead. Most adults thought I was a boy and often called me "son" or "young man."

When I was 12, my parents divorced and sent me to live with relatives, where an older cousin molested me. Growing up, I had other experiences in which men took advantage of me. I never felt safe with men, so relationships with women seemed to be the only safe option.

My first lesbian relationship began in high school. It was exhilarating and met a need in my life. For the first time I really felt loved.

I was a lesbian for six years and thought I would always be that way, and I never knew that change was possible. But in my early 20s, I met some Christians who showed me a better love -- the love that God had for me. Still in a homosexual relationship, I joined a friend's church softball team. I just wanted to play ball, but God had other ideas.

For 18 months, I played on the women's softball team for Idlewild Baptist Church in Tampa, Fla. During that time, I was drawn by the love my teammates had for one another and for me. It seemed so pure and so right.

They knew I was different because of my foul language and unsportsmanlike conduct, but they never treated me like an outsider. Their attitude made me want what they had -- a relationship with Christ. I later found out that they were regularly praying for me.

One teammate, Kelly, knew that I was a lesbian, but she never preached to me. She just cared for me and prayed for me. I became interested in spiritual things and asked Kelly to help me study the Bible. She agreed, and we met weekly to study the book of John.

One Sunday night in October, 1989, Kelly led me in the prayer of salvation as I knelt beside my bed in my dorm room.

When I stood up, I knew that deep down something had changed. I knew that I wanted God more than my homosexuality. But becoming a Christian was only the beginning of my journey. It didn't instantly resolve my homosexual feelings. I broke up with my partner, but I continued to struggle with unwanted same-sex attractions.

Thankfully, I found out about a ministry that helps people overcome their homosexuality, and I began to attend a local support group. There, I discovered the root causes of my homosexual desires, including sexual abuse, gender confusion, a breakdown in the relationship with my same-sex parent, an abusive father and peer rejection.

I met strong, godly women in church who helped me to see that being feminine didn't mean being weak. I met men who treated me with dignity and respect. This freed me to embrace my gender and to stop rejecting God's design. I even started using my full name, Christine, because I no longer wanted to hide being a girl.

My ideas about men and women were changed. I learned that being female is not a liability. And I began to identify outwardly with women, experimenting with wearing makeup and different clothes and using purses. I became different from the inside out.

Others noticed my progress and encouraged me. I'll never forget when Robert approached me in church and said, smiling, "Christine, this is the first time you don't look like a boy in a dress." Though his statement hadn't come out right, I knew that he had meant well, and it let me know I was making progress.

The key to my healing was developing healthy same-sex friendships. As I did this, my sexual attractions for women naturally diminished because I found what I was looking for all along -- real love and connections with others.

With God's help and the support of caring people, I now walk in freedom from lesbianism. I know that a changed life is possible because I am a changed person.
--30--
Christine Sneeringer is the director of Worthy Creations, a Christian outreach to homosexuals, a member ministry of Exodus International. She lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

ก่อนอื่นมีสองอย่างที่ต้องทำความเข้าใจสองคำนี้ก่อนคือ คนที่ติดเชื้อ hiv กับ คนที่เป็นเอดส์
ผู้ติดเชื้อ hiv ก็คือผู้ที่ได้รับเขื้อ hiv เข้าสู่ร่างกาย แต่ถ้าร่างกายอาจจะยังแข็งแรง แล้วภูมิคุ้มกันของร่างกายยังดีอยู่ ทำให้เชื้อโรคที่มีอยู่ในร่างกายไม่สามารถกำเริบแสดงอาการได้ คนนั้นก็เป็นแค่ผู้ติดเชื้อ hiv
ถ้าเปรียบเทียบก็เหมือนโรคหวัด ถ้าเราแข็งแรง เชื้อหวัดก็ไม่สามารถทำอะไรเราได้ เราก็ไม่เป็นโรคหวัด

แต่เมื่อใด เชื้อโรคที่อยู่ในร่างกายของผู้ติดเชื้อ hiv นั้นกำเริบ หรือคนที่ติดเชื้อ hiv มีภูมิคุ้มกันลดลง ก็จะทำให้เกิดภาวะโรคแทรกซ้อนต่างๆได้ และถ้าเมื่อใดภูมิคุ้มกันนั้นบกพร่องระยะสุดท้าย คนนั้นก็กลายเป็นผู้ป่วยโรคเอดส์ ซึ่งปัจจุบันยาต้านไวรัสพัฒนาไปมาก ดีกว่าสมัยก่อนมาก โรคแทรกซ้อนบางชนิดก็สามารถรักษาให้ดีขึ้นได้ เลยยืดอายุคนไข้ได้ยาวขึ้น คนก็กลัวน้อยลง ที่ผมรู้บางคนติดเชื้อมาเกือบสิบปียังไม่ตายเลย

สรุปแล้ว โรคเอดส์ คือ ภาวะที่ภูมิคุ้มกันบกพร่องระยะสุดท้าย ซึ่งคุณหมอทุกท่านที่ผมคุยด้วยยืนยันว่าภาวะสุดท้ายของภูมิคุ้มกันบกพร่องก็ยังรักษาไม่ได้ ทุกวันนี้ยาต้านไวรัส ทำหน้าที่ได้แต่เพียงชะลอจำนวนเชื้อไวรัสในร่างกาย ถ้าวันไหนมันปรับตัวได้ ก็จะดื้อยา ดังนั้นยังไม่มีวิธีใดรักษาโรคเอดส์ หรือภาวะติดเชื้อ hiv ให้หายขาดได้

การรณรงค์ที่บอกว่ารักษาหายได้ ก็เลยมีทั้งข้อดีและข้อเสีย
ข้อดี คือ ให้ความหวังกับคนที่ติดเชื้อว่ายังมีโอกาสหาย เป็นการให้กำลังใจที่จะทำให้คนสามารถใช้ชีวิตอยู่ต่อได้
ข้อเสีย คือ ทำให้คนไม่ป้องกัน ซึ่งทำให้อัตราการติดเชื้อเพิ่มสูงมากขึ้น

ก็หวังว่าซักวัน ทางการแพทย์คงจะมียาที่รักษาเจ้าโรคนี้ได้ แต่ความเห็นผมนะ ถึงจะรักษาหายไม่หาย ก็อย่ามีเจ้าเชื้อ h นี้อยู่ในร่างกายจะดีที่สุดนะครับบบบบบ

ขอขอบคุณ คุณหมอธีรวุฒิ และ คุณหมอนลิน ด้วยนะครับสำหรับข้อมูลและที่ช่วยไขข้อข้องใจของผม :)

Political stories to be found here and an interesting one here.

"HIV in NYC 3 times the National Average", I know, I know and guess what Black Gay Man are leading the race...I'm shocked and I'm not the only one. Check out the horror of public health, and never to be offbeat the NY Times

I will rant about this later

Den juridiska rubriceringen är nästan alltid "misshandel" eller "försök till misshandel". Min reaktion har varit: Är svensk lagstiftning så torftig att man inte formulerat sådana fall i brottsbalken?

Tittar man efter så finns detta  i  kapitel 13, 7e paragrafen. Så här står det:

13:7 §
"Om någon framkallar allmän fara för människors liv eller hälsa genom att förgifta eller infektera livsmedel, vatten eller annat, på annat sätt sprida gift eller dylikt eller överföra eller sprida allvarlig sjukdom, dömes för spridande av gift eller smitta till fängelse i högst sex år.

Är brottet grovt, skall dömas till fängelse på viss tid, lägst fyra och högst tio år, eller på livstid. Vid bedömande huruvida brottet är grovt skall särskilt beaktas, om det skett med uppsåt att skada annan till liv eller hälsa eller om många människor utsatts för fara."

Det som eventuellt är haken kan vara att inte sjukdomen utvecklats. Trots risk. Nyckelordet är i så fall "överföra".  Då är det dags att ändra formuleringen. "...Överföra eller riskera att överföra...."
löser detta problem. Då kan rätt lagrum användas i rätt sammanhang.

Brottsbalken

I have discovered something new and interesting about myself and at 33 I am pleased that I am continuing to change and grow as a mature adult. No, this is not deep or life changing, but I have discovered that I like to watch men having sex.

I always thought that two men having sex was disgusting which is a stupid judgement to make if you have not seen it for yourself. So, I suppose I just assumed it would be gross to see two men make love or maybe I was just under the impression that watching two men have sex was pointless for a woman who considers
herself straight. Also, with all the downlow hysteria these days why would I want to see two men in bed?

Anywho, I was at one of my favorite online porn sites where you can see tons of porn videos for free. I stumbled onto a video of a man giving another man head and I was intrigued and turned on all at once!

I also discovered that I perform like a man! I think that's what really tripped me out. Some of you may be thinking that the men perform like women, but no that's not the case. It's not like men have sex like "bitches" or anything. Some of the men on men porn is very passionate and loving. It's not all that different from straight sex.

I also believe that my new position at the lcoal Wellness AIDS Services here in Flint is opening my mind to things that I once never had an interest in. Don't misunderstand me, I am not homophobic and never have been, but I have always thought two men having sex was a very non sexy act. Now, I'd like to watch live and in person if given the opportunity. Hell, I may even consider dating a bisexual man. Do I smell a kinky threesome? I probably have already dated a bisexual or downlow man and didn't know it!

My point is, you can never say what you won't do or won't like. I have and it has bitten me in the ass more than once. So, fellas if we meet and take a liking to eachother and I ask if you like men please tell the truth if you do. I won't judge ;)

Today, our second day at Sivananda, we visited the DOTS program, the workshops, and the children's HIV orphanage. I have to say that it's amazing what they are able to train the patients to do to become productive citizens. I do think that Americans are definitely the wimps when it comes to learning marketable skills. They're making their own metal furnishings, including all the hospital beds, bicycle rickshaws, all the cloth bandages, sheets and towels they use, school uniforms for their children, candles...and that's just the ones who can't realistically get work outside the home.

The children's HIV orphanage was amazing. They currently have about 30 children, and are expanding to take 20 more. Some of them are true orphans--one or both parents died, leaving the on the streets begging, scavenging, even looking after each other. Others are orphaned by social stigma. One girl and her grandmother were kicked out by their family when they found out the reason for the girl's recurrent illnesses: she was HIV positive. The 75 year old grandmother realized she could not care for both herself and the granddaughter, and dropped her off at Sivananda.

Almost all the children there came in severely malnourished and failure to thrive. Most had opportunistic infections: diarrheal illness, recurrent or persistent infections. Everyone there seemed to respond to HAART. Some of the most important things they did for these children were to provide them with clean, safe drinking water and healthy food. Treating infections and getting them on antiretroviral therapy also helped, but meds don't help if you keep getting infected.

They are all bright, and happy to see us. I gave them the shiny Ticonderoga pencils that I brought along, and they in turn made us cards welcoming us, and showed us their sketchbooks of art.

I asked the doctor how many orphanages there were in Hyderabad. She could only come up with 5 in the state. Hyderabad is a city of at least 10 million.

What I was thinking about the whole car ride home (in monsoon rains, mind you) was how much work needs to be done, and it's not really fancy research, or complicated interventions:

--Clean, hygenic drinking water

--adequate sewage systems

--access to health care

--fighting the social stigma of HIV, even among health care providers. (It's kind of interesting, leprosy, the old stigmatized disease, is now becoming rare, and they're closing down leprosy blocks at Sivananda. They're expanding to serve HIV patients, the new stigamatizing disease)

--fighting malnutrition

Back in middle school, I attended week long youth church retreats looking for some inspiration. We had talked about people having "mountaintop" experiences where one has a moment of clarity. Today was the mountaintop experience for the trip so far. Now I just have to figure out what to do with it.

I marvelled at how much good Sivananda has been able to do with the children. They all seem healthy, eager to learn, and most importantly just be kids. I know a lot of their stories are just going to run together in my mind as time goes on. I am amazed at their fortitude and resilience. Whether or not she knows what she was singing, what brought tears to my eyes was when one of the girls in the orphanage wanted to sing us a song. We listened attentively as she sang "We Shall Overcome."

SIDA: LOS NUEVOS MEDICAMENTOS NO LLEGAN A QUIENES LO NECESITAN

Por Médicos sin Fronteras

//www.msf.es/noticias/noticias_basicas/2006/SIDAnolleganlosmedicamentos.asp

Imprimir

HIV/AIDS epidemic is killing women especially African American women. In order for women to protect themselves, should they be afraid to ask their husbands, mates or partners get tested for the AIDS/HIV virus?

Of course, women must become proactive and educate themselves also on how to protect themselves and their children.

Give us your sincere comments.

First thing that popped into my head was the Jezebel stereotype. If you don't know what that is....Google it...lol. Naw, I'm going to be nice and tell you. A "Jezebel" is a loose woman, usually a black woman, who craves sex all the time. This stereotype was created by European men who went to Africa.

The next thing was the obvious, the way black women are portrayed in music, movies, television,and other forms of entertainment. How music by black artist has always been raunchier and more sexually driven (well I should say more straight forward when it comes to sex.) than any other type of music. Rap music videos disgust me now (well except for Soulja Boi's "Donk" video, that's kinda funny and I don't even like Soulja Boi.). All you see is ass to the camera. What else is this girl supposed to do if the song calls for ass to the camera? If you search online, you can find girls talking about sleeping with celebrities. Talking about how long,or short he was, and being proud of it. It's something called groupie confessions, and don't get me started with Supahead....

The next thing to come to my mind, which I believe has something to do with the second thing, was the black community. What I see everyday. Females younger than me with 2 and 3 babies, dressing in the shortest and tightest clothing available. I work across the street from a night that had a teen night every week, and I would just be shocked at the way these young girls would dress. I mean my mother wouldn't have let me leave my room in some of the thing these chicks are wearing. Young girls are having sex and getting pregnant at younger ages. I'm not even going to lie I had my first "sexual experience" at 12. I didn't have sex, it was just an "experience", and that was the one and only time up until I was like 16. There are children out here having sex starting at age 8. I won't thinking about no sex at age 8! I didn't even think I liked boys at age 8.....did I? I don't know, but I know I won't thinking about fucking them!

Black colleges have the highest rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Being an eye witness myself,and also being one who has gotten caught up in this,I can see why. All they want to do if fuck! It's crazy. Even the phrase "Chill" doesn't have the same meaning anymore. If a guy wants to "chill" with a girl.....it mean he wants to have sex with her. No one sent me the email on this definition change so I found myself in many awkward situations.

Anyway back to the music. Most rap songs and r&b songs are about sex. It's always been that way. Think about,I bet you can name 3 without thinking. So I actually don't want you to think about it........anyway, you can name 3.

But for real, why do we continue to up hold these stereotypes about ourselves? Do we not know? Us as black people are very sexual people, it's in our history. Think about it....it's everywhere. And it's not only us but hispanics as well, and asians! Why are we always portrayed as sex things, and sometimes nothing more? Video girls are chosen for their body parts, and yeah people like Buffy and Deelishis might be the leading lady in a music video, but that's it. People only see them as video hoochies and that's a shame. I actually like Deelishis single "rumpshaker", it's actually on my mp3 player right now. I think one of the reason why it didn't get as much play is because many people saw her as a talking ass from a reality show.

Yet, young black men will still have her and any other video model's King or Smooth Girl cover hanging on their wall versus a picture of Michele Obama. And what is this teaching our young girls? That they have to literally show their ass to get attention? That you gotta look like a hooker to get a man's attention? It's ridiculous!! Ok,ok, I know in recent entries I've written about how these same images have affected me in a negative way, but that is what I was looking at all the time. I wanted to model, and at the time when you looked up black modeling agencies you found agencies that catered to women who look like Buffy, and I thought that in order to break into the industry, to get people to notice me, I had to look like that.

Basically this all comes down to the old phrase "sex sells". And it does, and just like any luxury item, it is being advertised mostly to the black community through it's own people. I know there are people who would debate that I am the last person who should be writing on this subject,especially some of those who went to MSU, but I believe that more than anyone else I should be speaking on this subject and how wrong it it. Yeah, I made a mistake and in the process actually gave more truth to the old Jezebel stereotype, but I have grown past that and now realize that a lot of the things I was doing was not right and was quite degrading to black women, and that incident just knocked some sense into me and made me clean my act up. And now that I'm seeing this subject a little bit clearer, I see now that these things are not right and should be fixed, and I am willing to do my part to fix it.

Luv Ya!!!

Oh yeah, and if you want to read more about this Jezebel Stereotype....click here. It's very interesting...

The Department of Health has announced that an average of 29 HIV cases a month have been reported in 2007 and 2008, compared with 20 cases a month in previous years. “We must work towards bringing these numbers down and Congress can very well contribute to this by passing legislation that will make spread awareness on HIV-AIDS prevention and management, such as the Reproductive Health Bill,” said Maza.

According to Maza, the Reproductive Health Bill pending in Congress contains provisions that mandates HIV-AIDS education thus leading to its effective prevention as well as help combat discrimnation against those infliceted with HIV-AIDS. Moreover, will help spread resources and awareness on safe sex practices and make health facilities accessible to women and children.

Maza further said, “Addressing the issue of HIV-AIDS inevitably entails the implementation of a comprehensive reproductive health and maternal and child care program as envisioned in the RH Bill and in compliance with international standards set by the World Health Organization and the United Nations.”

The Gabriela solon also said edcuation on safe sex practices is likewise provided for in the Reproductive Health Bill. She stressed on the need for education with the latest data revealing that at least 4.9 million Filipino youth, aged 15-27 are sexually active. However, programs that would ensure their safety and help them become more responsible in dealing with their sexuality and relationships remain severely lacking.

The controversial measure is pending in Congress awaiting plenary debates.